July 1, 2014 product uses1,4 ethylene is primarily used as a reactive monomer chemical building block make polyethylene and as an intermediate in the. Sterigenics, a company which describes themselves as the worlds leading supplier of. Ethylene oxide is one of the most important raw materials used in largescale chemical production. First we will consider the ethylene oxide hydration process then we will shift to other process alternatives. Industrial production started in 1925 using the chlorohydrin process and was improved in 1931 by introducing the much more.
Ethylene oxide production ethylene oxide is a raw material that is used industrially for making many consumer products as well as nonconsumer chemicals and intermediates. Ethylene oxide is produced by a gas phase reaction of ethylene and oxygen over a fixed bed silverbased catalyst in multitubular reactors. Figure 1 is a preliminary process flow diagram pfd for the ethylene oxide production. Ethylene oxide is also used as a sterilizing agent.
In the production of ethylene oxide, ethylene and oxygen reacts over a silver catalyst surface. Smaller amounts are present in fumigants, sterilants for spices. Ethylene oxide is a colorless gas at room temperature and a colorless liquid below 51f 10. Ethylene oxide is primarily consumed as an intermediate chemical in the production of other chemicals and materials derivatives. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is. Eto is found in the production of solvents, antifreeze, textiles, detergents, adhesives, polyurethane foam, and pharmaceuticals. The death rate kinetics of several sporeforming and nonsporeforming microorganisms, including radiationresistant cocci, were determined by exposing them to a mixture of ethylene oxide. Physical properties of ethylene oxide at various temperatures 3, 24 temperature c. Ethylene oxide is a colorless gas at room temperature and a. Be chemical engineering design project production of propylene oxide 1. Exposure to ethylene oxide may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, breathing difficulty, drowsiness.
Ethylene oxide is usually stored andor transported as a liquid under pressure. Ethylene oxide shell doubles eo, ethoxylates production with startup of jurong island facilities shell chemicals has successfully started up a new highpurity ethylene oxide eo puri. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Industrial uses of ethylene include polymerization, oxidation. The response of the tissue to c 2 h 4 exposure depends on the sensitivity of the tissue, concentration of c 2 h 4, composition of the atmosphere, duration of exposure, and temperature table 5. The pel for ethylene oxide is set at one part of ethylene oxide per million parts of air 1 part per million, or 1. Ethylene oxide was first prepared in 1859 by wurtz using potassium hydroxide solution to eliminate hydrochloric acid from ethylene chlorohydrin.
Production of ethylene and its commercial importance in the global market ity 99. Ethylene glycol from hydration of the ethylene oxide. Design and optimize ethylene oxide production plant. The death rate kinetics of several sporeforming and nonsporeforming microorganisms, including radiationresistant cocci, were determined by exposing them to a mixture of ethylene oxide and dichlorodifluoromethane 500 mg of ethylene oxide per liter, 30 to 50% relative humidity, and 54. Solubility of gases in ethylene oxide henry constants in mpa 22, 23 temperature, c solubility in ethylene oxide nitrogen argon methane ethane 0 284 169 62. In the early 1960th the production of ethylene oxide based from ethanol and chlorohydrin was not considered cost effective. Safety and health topics ethylene oxide occupational. Consider that the ethylene oxide required is also produced in the same plant. The first step in the production of ethylene is to take the feedstock and crack it into ethylene and other various products in a furnace. The reaction is exothermic and eo is recovered from the gas stream. Pdf production of mono ethylene glycol by hydrolysis of.
Ethylene oxide eo is widely found in the production of solvents, antifreeze. Microbiological aspects of ethylene oxide sterilization. It is not intended to serve as a substitute for indepth training or. Ethylene oxide eto is produced in large volumes and is primarily used as an intermediate in the production of several industrial chemicals, the most notable of which is ethylene glycol. It is also used as a fumigant in certain agricultural products and as a sterilant for medical equipment and supplies. Currently in the united states, essentially all production of ethylene oxide uses the direct vapor phase oxidation process. Novel catalytic process technology for utilization of co for. It is used in the production of ethylene glycol and other oxide derivatives such as glycol ethers, polyethylene glycol, polyether polyols, diethylene and triethylene glycols, and ethanolamines. Emission factors for the release of ethylene oxide from an oxygenoxidation ethylene oxide production plant.
Other important products include ethylene glycol ethers, ethanolamines and. Because of its molecular structure ethylene oxide is one of the most versatile chemical intermediates. Methods of production ethylene oxide has been produced commercially by two basic routes. The ethylene oxide units are equipped with advanced process control, gas detection and emergency shutdown systems. In 1941 modo started to produce ethylene oxide for further production of ethylene glycol.
The syngas stream is then used to produce methanol. As a part of the chemical industrys responsible management of its products, the ethylene oxide panel ethylene oxide safety task group stg, a group comprised of producers and industrial users, developed the ethylene oxide product stewardship manual. The process involves exposing products to ethylene oxide gas under vacuum in a sealed chamber. Ethylene oxide eto is a flammable, colorless gas at temperatures above 51. The response of the tissue to c 2 h 4 exposure depends on the sensitivity of the tissue, concentration of c 2 h 4, composition of the. Exposure to ethylene oxide may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, breathing difficulty, drowsiness, weakness, exhaustion, eye and skin burns, frostbite, and reproductive effects.
It is intended to provide general information to persons who may handle or store ethylene oxide. In 1963 modo started a production of ethylene oxide based on direct oxidation from ethylene in stenungsund, sweden. Production of ethylene oxide ethylene oxide, c2h4o, is a colorless, flammable gas or liquid. Permissible exposure limit pel for the amount of ethylene oxide in your workplace air. Workers may be harmed from exposure to ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide is a flammable and colorless gas used to make chemicals that are needed in the manufacturing of a variety of products including antifreeze, textiles, plastics, detergents, and adhesives. Ethylene glycol demand has increased by 67% year 2004. Mainly two reactions occur, partial oxidation of ethylene to ethylene. Ethylene is produced more than any other organic compound due to its versatile chemical industrical use. Us6642279b2 carbon dioxide recovery in an ethylene to. Ethylene oxide is also used as a sterilizing agent for medical equipment and a fumigating agent for spices.
The acute shortterm effects of ethylene oxide in humans consist mainly of central nervous. Ethylene oxide is a major industrial chemical and is one of the 25 highest production volume chemicals in the united states there was a gradual increase in the. The major use of ethylene oxide is as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of ethylene glycol. As a part of the chemical industrys responsible management of its products, the ethylene oxide panel ethylene oxide safety task group stg, a group comprised of producers and industrial users, developed the ethylene oxide product stewardship manual 3rd edition. Furnace the two primary feedstocks for ethylene production are naphtha and natural gas ethane, propane, butane, etc. Improved monitoring instruments for ethylene oxide since the regulations at 40 cfr part 63, subpart o, were finalized in 2001, there have been significant improvements in monitoring equipment, including. A simulation model of a reactor for ethylene oxide production. This led to an industrial production of eo ethylene oxide which began in 1914. The process involves exposing products to ethylene oxide gas under vacuum. Lewis, environment canada, ottawa, canada published under the joint sponsorship of the united nations environment programme, the. Methods for the analysis and quantification of ethylene oxide in emissions from pro. Unlike irradiation, which the us and eu require labeling for, the same doesnt yet apply to ethylene oxide sterilization. Ethylene oxide studies on mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Pdf production of ethylene and its commercial importance in.
July 1, 2014 product uses1,4 ethylene is primarily used as a reactive monomer chemical building block make polyethylene and as an intermediate in the production of other organic compounds, such as ethylene dichloride and ethylene oxide. Locating and estimating sources of ethylene oxide epa. It is converted into a wide range of products for example, monoethylene glycol meg, surfactants and glycol ethers. And a co2 recovery unit utilizing potassium carbonate. Eo sterilization assures that a safe and sterile product will be delivered to the market each and every time. Ethylene oxide is used mainly as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of ethylene glycol antifreeze, textiles, detergents, polyurethane foam, solvents, medicine, adhesives, and other products. Pdf ethylene oxide eo ethylene oxide eo, properly called oxirane by iupac, is the organic compound with the formula c2h4o. Ethylene synthesis and action ethylene production is promoted by stresses. The reaction is exothermic and eo is recovered from the gas stream, purified and stored. Production of ethylene oxide began in 1914 by the chlorohydrin process, the main.
Ethylene oxide is usually stored andor transported as a liquid under. Calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide was used to convert ethylene chlorohydrin to ethylene oxide. In the early 1960th the production of ethylene oxide based from ethanol and chlorohydrin was not considered cost. The ethylene oxide product stewardship guidance manual was prepared by the american chemistry councils ethylene oxideethylene glycols panel panel.
Ethylene oxide is produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene. It is used primarily for the production of ethylene glycol, which in turn is used in roughly equal proportions as antifreeze and for production of polyesters. Dow ethylene oxide eo is a colorless, flammable, reactive material with a somewhat sweet, etherlike odor. It is used in the production of ethylene glycol and other oxide derivatives such as glycol ethers. Currently in the united states, essentially all production of ethylene oxide uses the direct vapor phase. Ethylene oxide is produced by the vapor phase oxidation of ethylene. Most ethylene oxide is used for synthesis of ethylene glycols, including diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol, that accounts for up to 75% of global consumption. In addition, ethylene oxide is produced naturally as a metabolite of ethyl. This image has been assessed under the valued image criteria and is considered the most valued image on commons within the scope. Most ethylene oxide is used for synthesis of ethylene glycols, including diethylene glycol and triethylene. Disclosed is a method for recovering carbon dioxide from an ethylene oxide production process and using the recovered carbon dioxide as a carbon source for methanol synthesis. Ethylene oxide please note that the layout and pagination of this pdf file are not identical to those of the printed cicad first draft prepared by r. The project is to design, and optimize ethylene oxide production plant with partial oxidization of oxygen using silver based catalyst.
For one ton ethylene glycol ethylene 1800 lb air 19000 lb silver 0. For ethylene oxide sterilization, two voluntary consensus standards ansi aami iso 115. Improved monitoring instruments for ethylene oxide since the regulations at 40 cfr part 63, subpart o, were finalized in 2001, there have been significant improvements in monitoring equipment, including new continuous monitoring. Modelling and optimisation of an industrial ethylene oxide reactor article pdf available in chemical product and process modeling 41 january 2009 with 3,207 reads how we measure reads. This process oxidizes ethylene with air or oxygen in the presence of a silver catalyst to produce ethylene oxide. Be chemical engineering design project production of. The pel for ethylene oxide is set at one part of ethylene oxide per million parts of air 1 part per million, or 1 ppm. Pdf modelling and optimisation of an industrial ethylene. Ethylene oxide also known as eo or eto processing is widely used for the sterilization of healthcare devices and instruments.
The mono ethylene glycol is use in the cooling project involves the designing of the reactor, agent, lubricant and as a raw material for the evaporator and distillation column. Eto is found in the production of solvents, antifreeze. The annual capacity for the plant is 611millions lbyr, while the designed hourly production rate is 73k lbhry. The direct catalytic oxidation of ethylene, discovered in 1931 by leffort, was gradually replaced by the chlorohydrin process. The fda is sponsoring two public innovation challenges to encourage the development of new approaches to medical device sterilization. Ethylene oxide sterilization for medical devices fda. Ethylene oxide is important or critical to the production of detergents, thickeners, solvents, plastics, and various organic chemicals such as ethylene glycol, ethanol amines. The economic benefits of ethylene oxide and the potential cost of.
116 402 1332 147 877 1182 1034 604 835 1254 818 536 800 226 1429 968 907 194 1396 881 1382 51 1195 716 1132 1366 954 159 1244 813 165 373 1474 101 294 966